thumb|right|300px|Diagrama illustrando l'Alfabetu Fonéticu Internacional.
L'Alfabetu Fonéticu Internacional (AFI, API en francés e IPA n'inglés) ye un sistema de notación fonética creáu por llingüistes. El so envís ye es otorgar una forma estandarizada, precisa y única de representar los soníos de cualesquier llinguax oral, y úsenlu llingüistes, logopedes y terapeutes, maestros de llingua extranxera, lexicógrafos y traductores. Na so forma básica (en 2005) tien aproximadamente 107 símbolos base y 55 modificadores.
Historia
En 1886, un grupu de profesores de llingua franceses y británicos, lideraos pol llingüista francés Paul Passy, formaron la que sería conocida a partir de 1897 como l'Asociación Fonética Internacional (en francés: Association Phonétique Internationale). El so alfabetu orixinal tuvo basáu nel d'una reforma ortográfica pal inglés, conocíu como l'alfabetu rómicu, pero pa faelo aplicable por otros idiomes, dexóse que los valores de los símbolos camudaren (por casu, el soníu [ʃ] yera representáu orixinalmente cola lletra ⟨c⟩ n'inglés, pero col dígrafu ⟨ch⟩ en francés). Sin embargu, en 1888, l'alfabetu foi revisáu por que fuera uniforme en tolos idiomes, aproviendo asina la base pa les versiones futures d'este.International Phonetic Association, Handbook. páxs. 194-196 (n'inglés)
Fonemes
Consonantes
{| border="1" style="font-size:110%; text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; background:transparent;" | colspan="27" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; line-height:1.25em; background:#F2F2CE; border:1px solid #aaa; padding: 1em" | AFI |- style="line-height:2.0em; font-size:75%;" | | style="border:2px solid; border-width:0px 2px 0px 1px; text-align:right" | Punto → ! colspan="5" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 1px 0" | Labial ! colspan="10" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 1px 0" | Coronal ! colspan="6" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 1px 0" | Dorsal ! colspan="5" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 1px 0" | Laríngea |- style="font-size:75%; border:2px solid; border-width:0px 0px 2px" | | style="width:*; border:2px solid; border-width:0px 2px 2px 1px; text-align:left;" | ↓ Modo ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 0" | Bilabial ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 0" | Labiodental ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 0" | Linguolabial ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 0" | Dental ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 0" | Alveolar ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 0" | Postalveolar ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 0" | Retroflexa ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 0" | Alveolopalatal ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 0" | Palatal ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 0" | Velar ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 0" | Uvular ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 0" | Faríngea / Epiglotal ! colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; border-width:0px 1px 1px 0" | Glotal |- ! style="text-align:left; font-size:75%; border:2px solid; border-width:0px 2px 0px 1px" | Nasal |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| m̥ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| m |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɱ |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none; border-width:1px 0"| n̼ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none;" colspan="2" | |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| n̥
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:none; border-width:1px 0"| n |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none;" colspan="2"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ɳ̊ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɳ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none;" colspan="2"| |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| ɲ̊ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɲ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ŋ̊ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ŋ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɴ |style="border:1px solid; background:#ccc;" colspan="4"| |- ! style="font-size:75%; text-align:left; border:2px solid; border-width:0px 2px 0px 1px" | Oclusiva |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| p |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| b |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| p̪ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| b̪ |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| t̼ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none; border-width:1px 0"| d̼ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none;" colspan="2" | |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| t |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| d |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none;" colspan="2"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ʈ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɖ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none;" colspan="2"| |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| c |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| ɟ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| k |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɡ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| q |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɢ |style="border:1px solid" colspan="2"| ʡ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ʔ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none; background:#ccc"| |- ! style="font-size:75%; text-align:left; border:2px solid; border-width:0px 2px 0px 1px" | Africada sibilante |style="border:1px solid; background:#ccc;" colspan="6"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none;" colspan="2" | |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| ts |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| dz |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| tʃ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| dʒ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ʈʂ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɖʐ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| tɕ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| dʑ |style="border:1px solid; background:#ccc;" colspan="10"| |- ! style="font-size:75%; text-align:left; border:2px solid; border-width:0px 2px 0px 1px" | Africada no sibilante |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none"| pɸ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none;"| bβ
|style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none"| p̪f |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none"| b̪v |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| tθ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| dð |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| t͡θ̠ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| d͡ð̠ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| d̠͡ɹ̠˔ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none;" colspan="2"| |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| cç |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| ɟʝ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| kx |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɡɣ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| qχ χ͡ʀ̥ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ʡħ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ʡ͡ʢ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ʔh |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none; background:#ccc"| |- ! style="font-size:75%; text-align:left; border:2px solid; border-width:0px 2px 0px 1px" | Fricativa sibilante |style="border:1px solid; background:#ccc;" colspan="6"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none;" colspan="2" | |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| s |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| z |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ʃ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ʒ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ʂ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ʐ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ɕ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ʑ |style="border:1px solid; background:#ccc;" colspan="10"| |- ! style="font-size:75%; text-align:left; border:2px solid; border-width:0px 2px 0px 1px" | Fricativa no sibilante |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none" rowspan="2"| ɸ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none" rowspan="2"| β β̞ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none"| f |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none"| v |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none"| θ̼ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan="2"| ð̼ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none" rowspan="2"| θ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan="2"| ð |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none"| θ̠ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ð̠ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ɹ̠̊˔ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɹ̠˔ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none"| |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none;" colspan="2"| |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| ç |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| ʝ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none"| x |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɣ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none"| χ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan="2"| ʁ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ħ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan="2"| ʕ |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-right:none" rowspan="2"| h |style="width:2em; border:1px solid; border-left:none; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan="2"| ɦ ʔ̞ |- ! style="font-size:75%; text-align:left; border:2px solid; border-width:0px 2px 0px 1px" | Aproximante |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ʋ̥ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ʋ |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ɹ̥ |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| ɹ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none;" colspan="2"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ɻ̊ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɻ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none;" colspan="2"| |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| j̊ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| j |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ɰ̊ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɰ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| |- ! style="font-size:75%; text-align:left; border:2px solid; border-width:0px 2px 0px 1px" | Vibrante simple |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ⱳ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ⱱ |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none; border-width:1px 0"| ɾ̼ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none;" colspan="2"| |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| ɾ̥ |style="border:1px solid; border-width:1px 0"| ɾ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none;" colspan="2"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| ɽ̊ |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɽ |style="border:1px solid; background:#ccc" colspan="6" rowspan="2"| |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ɢ̆ |style="border:1px solid; border-right:none"| |style="border:1px solid; border-left:none"| ʡ̮