Karl Pearson

Karl Pearson (Londres, — ) foi um grande contribuidor para o desenvolvimento da estatística como uma disciplina científica séria e independente. Foi o fundador do Departamento de Estatística Aplicada na University College London em 1911; foi o primeiro departamento universitário dedicado à estatística em todo o mundo.

Contribuições para a filosofia Apesar de ser mais reconhecido por seus trabalhos na estatística, sua jornada apresenta raízes na filosofia, teologia, física e genética, áreas que acabaram influenciando seus estudos na estatística.

Em artigos em que Pearson estuda sobre a filosofia de Baruch Espinoza, seu livroThe Grammar of Science e em seu romance The New Werther, o polonês busca apresentar sistematicamente suas ideias epistemológicas. Além disso, ele também descreve sua filosofia como "Spinozismo invertido", uma expressão empregada por Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi e por Johann Gottlieb Fichte, defendendo a ideia de que o cientista deveria reconhecer que as leis da natureza resultam da harmonia entra as faculdades perceptivas e as do raciocínio.

Contribuições para a estatística O trabalho de Pearson foi muito abrangente na ampla aplicação e desenvolvimento da estatística matemática, e abrangeu os domínios da biologia, epidemiologia, antropometria, medicina e história social. Em 1901, junto com Weldon e Francis Galton fundou a revista Biometrika cujo objeto era o desenvolvimento da teoria estatística. Ele editou esta revista até a sua morte. Ele também fundou a revista Annals of Eugenics (agora Annals of Human Genetics), em 1925.

O pensamento de Pearson fundamentou muitos dos métodos estatísticos "clássicos" que são de uso comum atualmente. Algumas de suas principais contribuições são: Regressão linear e correlação - Pearson foi fundamental no desenvolvimento desta teoria. Um de seus clássicos conjuntos de dados (inicialmente recolhidos por Galton) envolve a regressão da altura dos filhos em relação à de seus pais. Pearson construiu um modelo de 3-dimensional com este conjunto de dados para ilustrar as ideias. O coeficiente de correlação produto-momento de Pearson é nomeado assim como homenagem a ele, foi a primeira medida de força de associação a ser introduzido em estatística. Classificação das distribuições - O trabalho de Pearson sobre classificação das distribuições probabilidade constitui a base para um ampla para a teoria moderna estatística, em particular, a família exponencial de distribuições é fundamental para a teoria do modelo linear generalizado. Teste Chi-quadrado de Pearson - Um tipo particular de teste qui-quadrado, um teste de significância estatística. Coeficiente de correlação e dois coeficientes de assimetria.

Obras Pearson, Karl (1880). The New Werther. C, Kegan Paul & Co. Pearson, Karl (1882). The Trinity: A Nineteenth Century Passion-play. Cambridge: E. Johnson. Pearson, Karl (1887). Die Fronica. Strassburg: K.J. Trübner Pearson, Karl (1887). The Moral Basis of Socialism. William Reeves, London. Pearson, Karl (1888). The Ethic of Freethought. London: T. Fisher Unwin. Rep. University Press of the Pacific, 2002. Pearson, Karl (1892). The Grammar of Science. London: Walter Scott. Dover Publications, 2004 ISBN 0-486-49581-7 Pearson, Karl (1892). The New University for London: A Guide to its History and a Criticism of its Defects. London: T. Fisher Unwin. Pearson, K. (1896), "Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution. III. Regression, Heredity and Panmixia," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 187, 253–318. Pearson, Karl (1897). The Chances of Death and Other Studies in Evolution, 2 Vol. London: Edward Arnold. Pearson, Karl (1904). On the Theory of Contingency and its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1905). On the General Theory of Skew Correlation and Non-linear Regression. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1906). A Mathematical Theory of Random Migration. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1907). Studies in National Deterioration. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl, & Pollard, A.F. Campbell (1907). An Experimental Study of the Stresses in Masonry Dams. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1907). A First Study of the Statistics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl, & Barrington, Amy (1909). A First Study of the Inheritance of Vision and of the Relative Influence of Heredity and Environment on Sight. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl; Reynolds, W. D., & Stanton, W. F. (1909). On a Practical Theory of Elliptical and Pseudo-elliptical Arches, with Special Reference to the Ideal Masonry Arch. Pearson, Karl (1909). The Groundwork of Eugenics. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1909). The Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of National Eugenics. London: Dalau & Co. Pearson, Karl, & Barrington, Amy (1910). A Preliminary Study of Extreme Alcoholism in Adults. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl, & Elderton, Ethel M. (1910). A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1910). The Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring: A Reply to the Cambridge Economists. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl, & Elderton, Ethel M. (1910). A Second Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1911). An Attempt to Correct some of the Misstatements Made by Sir Victor Horsley and Mary D. Sturge, M.D. in the Criticisms of the Galton Laboratory Memoir: A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism, &c. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl; Nettleship, Edward, & Usher, Charles (1911–1913). A Monograph on Albinism in Man, 2 Vol. London: Dulau & Co., Ltd. Pearson, Karl (1912). The Problem of Practical Eugenics. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1912). Tuberculosis, Heredity and Environment. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1913). On the Correlation of Fertility with Social Value: A Cooperative Study. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl, & Jaederholm, Gustav A. (1914). Mendelism and the Problem of Mental Defect, II: On the Continuity of Mental Defect. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl; Williams, M.H., & Bell, Julia (1914). A Statistical Study of Oral Temperatures in School Children. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1914-24-30). The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton, 3 Vol. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pearson, Karl (1915). Some Recent Misinterpretations of the Problem of Nurture and Nature. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl; Young, A.W., & Elderton, Ethel (1918). On the Torsion Resulting from Flexure in Prisms with Cross-sections of Uni-axial Symmetry Only. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl, & Bell, Julia (1919). A Study of the Long Bones of the English Skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl (1920). The Science of Man: its Needs and its Prospects. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl, & Karn, Mary Noel (1922). Study of the Data Provided by a Baby-clinic in a Large Manufacturing Town. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl (1922). Francis Galton, 1822–1922: A Centenary Appreciation. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl (1923). On the Relationship of Health to the Psychical and Physical Characters in School Children. Cambridge University Press. Pearson, Karl (1926). On the Skull and Portraits of George Buchanan. Edinburgh, London: Oliver & Boyd. Artigos Pearson, Karl (1883). "Maimonides and Spinoza," Mind, Vol. 8, pp. 338–353 Pearson, Karl (1885). "On a Certain Atomic Hypothesis," Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Vol. 14, 71–120. Pearson, Karl (1890). "On Wöhler's Experiments on Alternating Stress," The Messenger of Mathematics, Vol. XX, pp. 21–37. Pearson, Karl (1891). "Ether Squirts," American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 13, No. 4, 309–72. Pearson, Karl (1897). "On Telegony in Man," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LX, pp. 273–283. Pearson, Karl (1897). "On a Form of Spurious Correlation which May Arise when Indices are Used in the Measurement of Organs," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LX, pp. 489–502. Pearson, Karl (1899). "On the Reconstruction of the Stature of Prehistoric Races," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 192, pp. 169–243. Pearson, Karl; Lee, Alice, & Bramley-Moore, Leslie (1899). "Genetic (Reproductive) Selection," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 192, pp. 257–330. Pearson, Karl, & Whiteley, M.A. (1899). "Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man, I: A First Study of the Variability and Correlation of the Hand," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LXV, pp. 126–151. Pearson, Karl, & Beeton, Mary (1899). "Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man, II: A First Study on the Inheritance of Longevity and the Selective Death-rate in Man," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LXV, pp. 290–305. Pearson, Karl (1900). "On the Law of Reversion," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LXVI, pp. 140–164. Pearson, Karl; Beeton, M., & Yule, G.U. (1900). "On the Correlation Between Duration of Life and the Number of Offspring," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LXVII, pp. 159–179. Pearson, Karl (1900). "On the Criterion that a Given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is Such that it can be Reasonably Supposed to Have Arisen from Random Sampling," Philosophical Magazine, 5th Series, Vol. L, pp. 157–175. Pearson, Karl (1901). "On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points in Space," Philosophical Magazine, 6th Series, Vol. II, pp. 559–572. Pearson, Karl (1902–1903). "The Law of Ancestral Heredity," Biometrika, Vol. II, pp. 221–229. Pearson, Karl (1903). "On a General Theory of the Method of False Position", Philosophical Magazine, 6th Series, Vol. 5, pp. 658–668. Pearson, Karl (1907). "On the Influence of Past Experience on Future Expectation," Philosophical Magazine, 6th Series, Vol. XIII, pp. 365–378. Pearson, Karl, & Gibson, Winifred (1907). "Further Considerations on the Correlations of Stellar Characters," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. LXVIII, pp. 415–448. Pearson, Karl (1910). "A Myth About Edward the Confessor," The English Historical Review, Vol. 25, pp. 517–520. Pearson, Karl (1920). "The Problems of Anthropology," The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 11, No. 5, 451–458. Pearson, Karl (1930). "On a New Theory of Progressive Evolution," Annals of Eugenics, Vol. IV, Nos. 1–2, pp. 1–40. Pearson, Karl (1931). "On the Inheritance of Mental Disease," Annals of Eugenics, Vol. IV, Nos. 3–4, pp. 362–380. Miscelâneas Pearson, Karl (1885). The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench & Co. (editor). Pearson, Karl (1886–1893). A History of the Theory of Elasticity and of the Strength of Materials from Galilei to the Present Time, Vol. 2, Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press (editor). Pearson, Karl (1889). The Elastical Researches of Barré de Saint-Venant. Cambridge University Press (editor). Pearson, Karl (1888). The Positive Creed of Freethought: with Some Remarks on the Relation of Freethought to Socialism. Being a Lecture Delivered at South Place Institute. London: William Reeves. Pearson, Karl (1901). National Life from the Stand-point of Science: An Address Delivered at Newcastle. London: Adam & Charles Black. Pearson, Karl (1908). A Second Study of the Statistics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Marital Infection. London: Dulau & Co. (editor). Pearson, Karl (1910). Nature and Nurture, the Problem of the Future: A Presidential Address. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1911). The Academic Aspect of the Science of Eugenics: A Lecture Delivered to Undergraduates. London: Dulau & Co. Pearson, Karl (1912). Treasury of Human Inheritance, 2 Vol. Dulau & Co., London (editor).